语言教学的挑战之一是如何以有意义的方式组织有关语言语法的规则。这不仅需要教学技能，而且还需要对该语言有深刻的了解。虽然开发此类课程的综合材料以英语和一些广泛的语言提供，但对于许多其他语言，教师需要手动创建它们来满足学生的需求。这个过程具有挑战性，因为i）要求这样的专家可以访问并拥有必要的资源，ii）即使有这样的专家，描述了一种语言的所有复杂性，这是耗时的，容易出现遗漏。在本文中，我们提出了一个自动框架，旨在通过自动发现和可视化语法各个方面的描述来促进这一过程。具体而言，我们从自然文本语料库中提取描述，该语料库回答有关形态句法（学习单词顺序，协议，案例标记或单词形成）和语义（学习词汇的学习）的问题，并显示了说明性示例。我们将这种方法用于教授印度语言，卡纳达语和马拉地语，这些方法与英语不同，它们没有发达的教学资源，因此很可能会从这项练习中受益。为了评估提取材料的感知效用，我们获得了北美学校的语言教育者的帮助，这些教育者教这些语言进行手动评估。总体而言，教师认为这些材料是他们自己的课程准备甚至学习者评估的参考材料有趣的。

The ability to monitor the evolution of topics over time is extremely valuable for businesses. Currently, all existing topic tracking methods use lexical information by matching word usage. However, no studies has ever experimented with the use of semantic information for tracking topics. Hence, we explore a novel semantic-based method using word embeddings. Our results show that a semantic-based approach to topic tracking is on par with the lexical approach but makes different mistakes. This suggest that both methods may complement each other.

Many real-world applications of language models (LMs), such as code autocomplete and writing assistance, involve human-LM interaction, but the main LM benchmarks are non-interactive, where a system produces output without human intervention. To evaluate human-LM interaction, we develop a framework, Human-AI Language-based Interaction Evaluation (H-LINE), that expands non-interactive evaluation along three dimensions, capturing (i) the interactive process, not only the final output; (ii) the first-person subjective experience, not just a third-party assessment; and (iii) notions of preference beyond quality. We then design five tasks ranging from goal-oriented to open-ended to capture different forms of interaction. On four state-of-the-art LMs (three variants of OpenAI's GPT-3 and AI21's J1-Jumbo), we find that non-interactive performance does not always result in better human-LM interaction and that first-person and third-party metrics can diverge, suggesting the importance of examining the nuances of human-LM interaction.

Nostradamus, inspired by the French astrologer and reputed seer, is a detailed study exploring relations between environmental factors and changes in the stock market. In this paper, we analyze associative correlation and causation between environmental elements and stock prices based on the US financial market, global climate trends, and daily weather records to demonstrate significant relationships between climate and stock price fluctuation. Our analysis covers short and long-term rises and dips in company stock performances. Lastly, we take four natural disasters as a case study to observe their effect on the emotional state of people and their influence on the stock market.

In this paper, we propose and showcase, for the first time, monocular multi-view layout estimation for warehouse racks and shelves. Unlike typical layout estimation methods, MVRackLay estimates multi-layered layouts, wherein each layer corresponds to the layout of a shelf within a rack. Given a sequence of images of a warehouse scene, a dual-headed Convolutional-LSTM architecture outputs segmented racks, the front and the top view layout of each shelf within a rack. With minimal effort, such an output is transformed into a 3D rendering of all racks, shelves and objects on the shelves, giving an accurate 3D depiction of the entire warehouse scene in terms of racks, shelves and the number of objects on each shelf. MVRackLay generalizes to a diverse set of warehouse scenes with varying number of objects on each shelf, number of shelves and in the presence of other such racks in the background. Further, MVRackLay shows superior performance vis-a-vis its single view counterpart, RackLay, in layout accuracy, quantized in terms of the mean IoU and mAP metrics. We also showcase a multi-view stitching of the 3D layouts resulting in a representation of the warehouse scene with respect to a global reference frame akin to a rendering of the scene from a SLAM pipeline. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such work to portray a 3D rendering of a warehouse scene in terms of its semantic components - Racks, Shelves and Objects - all from a single monocular camera.

Fine-tuning pre-trained language models (PLMs) achieves impressive performance on a range of downstream tasks, and their sizes have consequently been getting bigger. Since a different copy of the model is required for each task, this paradigm is infeasible for storage-constrained edge devices like mobile phones. In this paper, we propose SPARTAN, a parameter efficient (PE) and computationally fast architecture for edge devices that adds hierarchically organized sparse memory after each Transformer layer. SPARTAN freezes the PLM parameters and fine-tunes only its memory, thus significantly reducing storage costs by re-using the PLM backbone for different tasks. SPARTAN contains two levels of memory, with only a sparse subset of parents being chosen in the first level for each input, and children cells corresponding to those parents being used to compute an output representation. This sparsity combined with other architecture optimizations improves SPARTAN's throughput by over 90% during inference on a Raspberry Pi 4 when compared to PE baselines (adapters) while also outperforming the latter by 0.1 points on the GLUE benchmark. Further, it can be trained 34% faster in a few-shot setting, while performing within 0.9 points of adapters. Qualitative analysis shows that different parent cells in SPARTAN specialize in different topics, thus dividing responsibility efficiently.

We are interested in neurosymbolic systems consisting of a high-level symbolic layer for explainable prediction in terms of human-intelligible concepts; and a low-level neural layer for extracting symbols required to generate the symbolic explanation. Real data is often imperfect meaning that even if the symbolic theory remains unchanged, we may still need to address the problem of mapping raw data to high-level symbols, each time there is a change in the data acquisition environment or equipment. Manual (re-)annotation of the raw data each time this happens is laborious and expensive; and automated labelling methods are often imperfect, especially for complex problems. NEUROLOG proposed the use of a semantic loss function that allows an existing feature-based symbolic model to guide the extraction of feature-values from raw data, using `abduction'. However, the experiments demonstrating the use of semantic loss through abduction appear to rely heavily on a domain-specific pre-processing step that enables a prior delineation of feature locations in the raw data. We examine the use of semantic loss in domains where such pre-processing is not possible, or is not obvious. We show that without any prior information about the features, the NEUROLOG approach can continue to predict accurately even with substantially incorrect feature predictions. We show also that prior information about the features in the form of even imperfect pre-training can help correct this situation. These findings are replicated on the original problem considered by NEUROLOG, without the use of feature-delineation. This suggests that symbolic explanations constructed for data in a domain could be re-used in a related domain, by `feature-adaptation' of pre-trained neural extractors using the semantic loss function constrained by abductive feedback.

Despite the Digital Twin (DT) concept being in the industry for a long time, it remains ambiguous, unable to differentiate itself from information models, general computing, and simulation technologies. Part of this confusion stems from previous studies overlooking the DT's bidirectional nature, that enables the shift of agency (delegating control) from humans to physical elements, something that was not possible with earlier technologies. Thus, we present DTs in a new light by viewing them as a means of imparting intelligence and agency to entities, emphasizing that DTs are not just expert-centric tools but are active systems that extend the capabilities of the entities being twinned. This new perspective on DTs can help reduce confusion and humanize the concept by starting discussions about how intelligent a DT should be, and its roles and responsibilities, as well as setting a long-term direction for DTs.

数学推理是人类智力的核心能力，在抽象思维和逻辑推理中对机器提出了独特的挑战。最近的大型预训练的语言模型（例如GPT-3）在以文本形式（例如数学单词问题（MWP））编写的数学推理任务上取得了显着的进步。但是，未知模型是否可以处理更复杂的问题，这些问题涉及数学推理，例如表格数据。为了填补空白，我们提出了表格数学单词问题（TABMWP），这是一个包含38,431个开放域级等级问题的新数据集，这些问题需要在文本和表格数据上进行数学推理。 TABMWP中的每个问题都与表格上下文对齐，该上下文作为图像，半结构化文本和结构化表。有两种类型的问题：自由文本和多选择，每个问题都用金解决方案注释以揭示多步推理过程。我们在TABMWP上评估了不同的预训练模型，包括在几次设置中的GPT-3模型。正如先前的研究所表明的那样，由于很少有GPT-3依赖于内在的示例的选择，因此其性能是不稳定的，并且可能会降解为几乎机会。处理TABMWP等复杂问题时，不稳定的问题更为严重。为了减轻这种情况，我们进一步提出了一种新颖的方法，即PresspG，该方法利用策略梯度学习从少量培训数据中选择中文示例，然后为测试示例构造相应的提示。实验结果表明，与随机选择相比，我们的方法在准确性度量上优于最佳基线，并显着降低了预测方差，这验证了其在选择性上下文示例中的有效性。

在回答问题时，人类会利用跨不同模式可用的信息来综合一致，完整的思想链（COT）。在深度学习模型（例如大规模语言模型）的情况下，这个过程通常是黑匣子。最近，科学问题基准已用于诊断AI系统的多跳推理能力和解释性。但是，现有数据集无法为答案提供注释，或仅限于仅文本模式，小尺度和有限的域多样性。为此，我们介绍了科学问题答案（SQA），这是一个新的基准，由〜21k的多模式多种选择问题组成，其中包含各种科学主题和答案的注释，并提供相应的讲座和解释。我们进一步设计语言模型，以学习将讲座和解释作为思想链（COT），以模仿回答SQA问题时的多跳上推理过程。 SQA在语言模型中展示了COT的实用性，因为COT将问题的答案绩效提高了1.20％的GPT-3和3.99％的unifiedqa。我们还探索了模型的上限，以通过喂食输入中的那些来利用解释；我们观察到它将GPT-3的少量性能提高了18.96％。我们的分析进一步表明，与人类类似的语言模型受益于解释，从较少的数据中学习并仅使用40％的数据实现相同的性能。